The Effect of the Oxygen Concentration in the River on Gammarus Pulex Essay Example Essay Example

The Effect of the Oxygen Concentration in the River on Gammarus Pulex Essay Example Paper The Effect of the Oxygen Concentration in the River on Gammarus Pulex Essay Introduction Rationale: Whilst doing a group study on the biodiversity of life in different parts of the river, I noticed a difference in the number of Gammerus Pulex. I thought this might be due to the difference in abiotic factors such as pH and flow rate. After doing some research on this species I discovered that they are particularly fond of more oxygenated water, thus I constructed my hypothesis to investigate this.Gammarus Pulex: This species is more commonly known as the fresh water shrimp. It is generally found in shallow fresh water rivers, although they have been known to tolerate lakes with a stream running into it for example. This is probably due to the higher oxygen levels in the water. They spend most of their time under stones in the bed of the river and feed on decomposing plant and animal material. They range from being only a couple of millimetres to up to three centimetres and can be any colour from pale orange to grey and brown. They are easy to spot by their arc shaped bodi es and their distinctive movement. They propel themselves through the water by a series of contractions and relaxations and travel on their side. Although it is very difficult to see they are also constantly vibrating. This produces a constant current of water over their gills at the base of their thoracic legs. When the females are carrying eggs or young in their pouches they are carried around by the males.Hypothesis: There will be a greater abundance of gammarus pulex in the more oxygenated sites of the river.Null Hypothesis: There will be no association between the abundance of gammarus pulex and the oxygenation of the river sitesPlanningI have chosen two sites where I think that the oxygen levels will be different:The first site is on Hope Farm which is privately owned. The owners often use the land for grazing animals and it is possible that the soil may have been treated before for agricultural purposes so it is important that I measure the pH and nutrient levels of the water . As few people are allowed access to this site it is pretty much undisturbed. However only about ten metres upstream from site I am using is a small weir. This is likely to incorporate more oxygen into the water. The area is clear from trees and crops and is surrounded by meadow type land. There are reeds and other greenery on the banks. The riverbed itself is mainly made up of shingle and the water is very clear. It was x m deepThe second site is at Letheringsett Ford. It is situated alongside a single-track country road and just about ten metres upstream there is a small ford that leads to a couple of residential properties. It is surrounded by agricultural land used for arable farming. Again the land may have been treated for this purpose so it is important I measure the pH and nutrient levels in the water. The riverbed itself is made up of larger stones. There were some ash trees on one of the banks and grass on the other. It was xm deep, very similar to Home Farm. However the water seemed slightly more turbid. I predict that this site will be less oxygenated as there is not a weir or any other constant water turbulence.Sampling TechniquesThe first thing I must consider is how to take my sample of the gammarus pulex from the river, I have summarized the advantages and or disadvantages of a few possible methods of sampling:Sweep Sampling is a method where a net is swept in front of you while standing in the river in a figure of eight movement or from side to side. It can be measured by timing the amount of time spent sweeping the water. One problem with this is that if the invertebrate you are trying to capture lives in the bed under rocks for example you are unlikely to capture an accurate number of the animal in the area. Another problem is how to keep the action of the net consistent and as the person is deciding on where to put it a bias may be caused.Kick Sampling is a technique where someone stands on the riverbed and kicks forwards and backwards dis turbing the riverbed and holds a net downstream to catch the invertebrates with the current. This can also be easily measured by timing how long to ‘kick’. This measures the number of the invertebrate whether it resides beneath the stones or in the river water itself. As the nature of the kick is produced by the person holding the net care must be taken to avoid bias.Stone Washing is another alternative where stones are removed from the riverbed and washed in clear water to remove any invertebrates on the stone. It is hard to measure and keep it reliable as every stone is a different size and shape. Also some invertebrates may fall off the stone as soon as it is moved which would make it inaccurate. This technique could only be used if the invertebrates being counted live on the stones. Bias could be caused by the person choosing the stones.VariablesIndependent Variable: River SiteDependent Variable: Abundance of gammarus pulexOther possible variables may need to be con trolled or measured and taken account of when analysing the results:Abiotic Factors and how I will control or measure them:FactorWhat I will do about itpH of WaterMeasure with universal indicatorTurbidityImmeasurable because of shallowness of riverSpeed of River FlowMeasure using a flow meterTemperature of WaterMeasure using a thermometerAmmonia, Phosphate and Nitrate Levels in WaterMeasure with testing kitsLight IntensityI will try to do the experiments at both sites quicklyone after the other on the same day to reduce variationAnthropogenic Factors: Distance away from fords, animal crossings etc Pollution of water and riverbedI will have to observe and consider these anthropogenic factors and consider their importance at both sites.All these abiotic and anthropogenic factors can cause variation in the favorability of the habitat for certain species. Even if a factor does not specifically affect the Gammarus Pulex, if they make the conditions better for a predator or competitive sp ecies then the number of Gammarus Pulex will decrease. In another way if the conditions should favour some of the smaller organisms that they feed on then there will be an increase in the number of Gammarus Pulex.Reliability and Accuracy Considerations:The other factors that I must be careful to control involve my procedure. For example my method of sampling must be kept constant and systematic. I must make sure that I do not allow any oxygen into my samples of water for oxygen testing as this could make my results inaccurate. To maintain reliability I will kick sample for the same amount of time every time. I will also take several sets of abiotic data to ensure that the results are reliable. I will ensure that my measuring technique in the identification and counting of the Gammarus Pulex is consistant, again so as not to make my results inaccurate.When performing the Winkler Test in the laboratory I will take care to avoid contamination of other chemicals. I will rinse out my vol umetric flask each time with distilled water. I will take care to read the pipette and burette to the bottom of the meniscus. I will run the liquid through the burette for a while into a waste beaker to make sure the jet is full and there are no air bubbles. All these precautions should improve the accuracy and reliability of the results. I will repeat the titrations to check that they are reliable. I have also taken care choosing my apparatus. I have used the largest amounts possible so as to improve accuracy.Apparatus Net Deep white tray Tape measure Sample bottles Manganese chloride Potassium iodide Sodium hydroxide Thermometer Speed measuring apparatus Safety glasses Magnifying pot Plastic spoon Potassium, ammonia and nitate testing kits pH testing kitRisk Assesment Harmful chemicals – safety goggles Bacteria from water – wash hands, no eating Tripping – glass Care of water levels No lone working Stranger dangerPreliminary investigation Length of time of kic ksKicking Time/secNumber of Shrimps102220263036403950406041Trial Method Kick sample for 30 seconds 2 kicks per second Six sample areas Upstream each time to prevent debris from previous samples Empty net into tray of clean water Empty one at a time into magnifying pot and keep a tally score Release back into river downstream of sampling51627384Trial ResultsSample AreaNumber of ShrimpsRunning Mean12723126.0032929.0042427.7552727.6062627.3372727.2982927.50Total224I have plotted a graph of the running mean to ensure that I have used enough sample areas to make sure my investigation is reliable. As you can see from the graph, my running mean does become more stable. I think I have used enough sample areas although it is not as constant as I expected so I will endeavor to take more sample areas.Changes to the methodAs a result of my preliminary and trial experiments I have chosen to change a few parts of my method. Firstly as soon as I started to kick sample I discovered a considerable v ariable in the speed at which I kicked at and the strength of my kicking. A variation in either of these could mean that I would produce different amount of disturbance to the riverbed and therefore would have a not very reliable number of gammarus pulex. The speed of my kicking I can easily solve by using a stopwatch to measure the amount of kicks I do per second. I decided that a suitable rate would be two kicks a second. As for the strength of the kick, I cannot think of a way of measuring, therefore I will have to monitor this with my own judgment and try and keep it the same. In my preliminary work on the length of kicking time I decided that I would use a kicking period of forty seconds.I have decided to change the amount of samples I take to twelve samples but use the same sampling method, see plan below:951106211731284Otherwise I found that the general method worked well. Whilst working on the river I attempted to keep upstream of anyone else on the river so that their tramp ling did not disturb the conditions for my investigation. I also tried to keep out of their way so I did not affect their experiment, I therefore emptied my gammarus pulex downstream of them. The Effect of the Oxygen Concentration in the River on Gammarus Pulex Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Working With A Homeless Service Social Work Essay Essays

Working With A Homeless Service Social Work Essay Essays Working With A Homeless Service Social Work Essay Essay Working With A Homeless Service Social Work Essay Essay There are a figure of accomplishments and attributes that contribute to doing a good support worker. It may be deserving sing whether these fit well with the accomplishments you already have and with those that you would wish to develop: strong interpersonal accomplishments, including being an empathic good hearer, able to discourse hard subjects in a sensitive manner, and to pass on every bit good with service users and other professionals an ability to work reflectively, disputing your ain premises, believing about the effectivity of your work and possible ways frontward. This may besides include a self-awareness about the impact the work has on you a non-judgemental and empowering attitude, neer enforcing your ain point of position, but alternatively back uping service users to accomplish their ain ends. You will necessitate to show a echt regard for the diverseness, pick, and strengths of your service users dependability. You will hold important duty for pull offing the safety of your service users, and you will besides necessitate to present on what you offer service users in order to construct a trusting relationship. An ability to work in a boundaried manner, guaranting that your relationships with service users remain professional instead than traversing into friendly relationship. You need to guarantee that you act in the service users best involvements, recognizing the trust placed in you as a professional. Working with stateless people has been enormously honoring, supplying to me an chance to give assistance, comfort and support to a genuinely vulnerable section of our population in an effort to assist further positive alteration in the quality of their lives. Homelessness occurs non because person is needfully excessively ill to take attention of themselves. Homelessness occurs because these persons are ill and can non pay the measures or trade with the emphasis that being sick and unable to pay the measures overwhelms them with. It can besides be disputing and nerve-racking, particularly when the right solution does nt be, or your hopes of alteration for an person are disappointed. I find it rather gross outing that upward of 3000 people are asleep homeless on the streets tonight in a metropolis that prides itself greatly as being one of the best metropoliss in America and with its richness and prosperity conspicuously displayed all around, who would doubt its claims? I, personally, happen it an indignation and feel I am entitled to that indignation, as I one time was one of those 3000 or one of the estimated 650,000 individuals presently populating in stateless state of affairss across the state. There are a broad scope of issues that can be traveling on in footings of mental wellness issues with respect to the homeless. Everything that can travel incorrect with the psychological health of the person can go on with homelessness because of the enormous sums of emphasis these people are under routinely. The may non even have been mentally sick at the oncoming of their homelessness but the endurance accomplishments that are necessary on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours, sometimes, minute to minute footing are so radically different than for those who have even basic lodging, it can badly falsify an person s full mind. For teens and striplings, it s much less an issue of economic sciences than it is more an issue of being a hapless tantrum between them and their households or society s inability to protect them from a broad assortment of developmentally detrimental societal and psychological environments. Most freshly homeless young persons and grownups do nt kip. They walk, all dark long. Or they ride the coachs. When they do sleep, they sleep during the twenty-four hours because they are so afraid, so panicky of the dark and of merely what might go on, they merely can non travel to kip. From my personal experience, sleep want can do you travel merely a small loony, particularly when accompanied by an exponential quality that exists the longer either status persists and continues. Peoples are deceasing invariably out on the streets. Night clip onslaughts are frequent and singular. While most people are shuting up for the dark, locking doors, look intoing on their kids and doing themselves unafraid to kip fitfully, there are people stretched out on a cover or a piece of composition board, under an flyover, in an back street or in an derelict edifice, who are wholly vulnerable and unprotected to anyone who comes across them, whether it s another stateless individual or some angered rummy who sees them as a mark or some pack of childs, out on the prowl, far excessively high. The mean age of mortality for those populating on the streets of Seattle is 49. However, presently, one of the biggest jobs with Seattle s stateless population and, is traveling to be of even greater concern in the hereafter, is that the stateless population of Seattle is aging. Quite merely, there are traveling to be more aged people than of all time earlier and every bit sad as it is to see a 40 something stateless individual faltering around rummy or hooked on cleft cocaine, as Seattle s stateless population ages, it will travel beyond the kingdom of in humane and all because these people have no topographic point to be. They lack basic lodging and security. Just merely taking all of the associated emphasis of non holding a house could salvage the metropolis 100 s of 1000s of dollars in mental wellness intervention entirely. While this would surely non even get down to turn to the many issues with respects to Seattle s stateless population, it would surely and unambiguously, be the best topographic point to get down or the best pattern attack that is in the b est involvement of the client. There are stateless people who have been stuck on the streets for old ages. They know their state of affairs is non traveling to alter, in fact, they know it can merely acquire worse. The lives that they live are so fringy, so delicate that it is non astonishing to recognize the extent, in which homeless people will travel, in order to look out for one another. Lots of people pair up, travel and slumber in groups, busying the same land and watching each other s dorsums. One such brace I converse with on a regular basis. The first, is an person who did 14 old ages of clip in a Federal prison in California, got in problem instantly, took to the streets and neer went back. He paired up with a cat whose life was ruined at age 20 by service in Viet Nam, where he had snuck up on and killed one excessively many people. In kernel, he did nt cognize how to cover with it, being far excessively immature to treat such behaviour and the military neer gave him any aid and as a consequence, he beca me a chronic alky. However, there is merely one standard for homelessness that has nil to make with drugs or intoxicant or mental unwellness or anything. The lone thing required for such position is to merely, non hold a place. They do nt hold a place and every individual of those 3000 homeless you can lodge in a place and maintain there is a positive thing and could merely travel to function the best involvement of the person in demand of Human Service. I prefer Humane Service.

Oppression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Oppression - Essay Example â€Å"The Broken Spears† refers to a book with a collection of many accounts of the destruction of Mexico Cortes and the conquerors in their invasion. The author argues that the Spanish were to solely take the blame for the destruction of the Aztec Empire. The author shows how the Spanish took advantage of their superiority over the Aztecs in order to oppress them (Leo?n-Portilla 87). They also took advantage of their cultural difference during the invasion. The book also gives details on how tropical diseases and poor political leadership contributed to the defeat of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish troop. â€Å"The house I live in† is a documentary based on the fight against drugs and drug abuse in the United States of America. The documentary was done by Andrew Jarecki in the year 2012. The documentary shows how much the government spends on this yet the results are hardly noticeable. The documentary shows how the police have over the years targeted the poor drug usin g minorities instead of focusing on the people who avail the drugs (Norrell 111). The documentary also shows the alarming rate in which the number of low income white Americans been jailed for drug related offenses in rising. The documentary suggests that the war against drugs in the USA should be staged across all social and economic classes instead of focusing on a single side. ... This is evident in the way the Spanish invades the Aztecs thus depriving them of all the resources they have. They manage to do this by taking advantage of their superiority over the Aztecs and the Aztecs’ ignorance. In â€Å"the house I live in† the police take advantage of the low class citizens in the war against drugs in the USA. As much as they know that arresting and sentencing the common drug peddlers have little effect on the success in the fight against drugs, they still do it ignoring the drug lords who happen to be of high influence to the society. The government knows well that had there been fair job opportunities for people of all social and economic classes, the drug peddlers and users of the minority communities would not be involved in these activities. However, the government in this case seems to have emphasized on the symptoms of the problem instead of the problem itself. This is a form of oppression mainly encouraged by capitalism in all the aspects of human lives. In both cases someone can agree that there is oppression of one group by another. One of the common characteristics of the people being oppressed is that they have an inferiority complex of some sort to those oppressing them. Given that the oppressors are superior to the people being oppressed, they take advantage of the weakness of their victims. For instance, in the invasion of the Aztecs, the Spanish take advantage of their superiority to invade and exploit the resources formerly belonging Aztec Empire. The police has also taken advantage of the defenselessness of the minority drug dealers and users to arrest them. The police have been able to do very little about the powerful and influential drug lords. This failure is a major hindrance to the success of their mission. This

Money is the Root of Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Money is the Root of Divorce - Essay Example Rampal even utilizes graphic imagery to illustrate how money disputes occurring regularly in the marriage are almost completely congruent to the frequency of divorce. When partners in a marriage turn toward money to justify their identities, it illustrates that money has significant psychological influence, making concepts such as love, devotion, and mutual gain become superseded by thoughts about money as an imperative. Because of this, money creates evil within marriage and serves as the primary motive for seeking marriage dissolution. Money is often referred to as being a source of power in society. Scientific researchers have identified in numerous studies that individuals who believe they have power are more assertive, self-assured, and respond on impulse (Anderson & Berdahl, 2002; Lammers, Stokel & Stapel, 2010). When one partner in a marriage has a better career or has managed to procure more money than their spouse, they begin developing egocentric behaviors and are less willing to work out minor conflicts. Why is this? Because when one partner is financially stable, they begin to believe that they can simply exit the marriage when minor dissatisfaction arises and not have to be concerned about their well-being. Therefore, only one partner in the marriage tries to work out conflict while the other acts aggressively or tries to avoid reaching conflict resolution. Whether money is actually a power source is not important. What is important is recognizing that money has the ability to change psychological programming and personal value systems, creating a person who performs evil against the spouse with less financial resources. There are some in society, however, that would argue that money does not create evil, arguing that a person would have to be inherently evil in order to demand marriage dissolution.  

Trying to Succeed in Limited War Essay Example for Free

Trying to Succeed in Limited War Essay Limited war as an ideology depended on a number of assumptions that limited what results could be achieved at the practical level. The standing rules of engagement (ROE) were the practical expression of limited war ideology at the battlefield command and execution level. Think expansively and generatively about the impact of limited war ideology and then discuss these questions with other students: †¢Within the concept of limited war, what would constitute the winning of the Vietnam War? †¢What sort of successful outcomes would measure the win? †¢How would we ever know if we had won it? And then, what was the glue that held the limited war concept together with all its difficulties of thought and application? Answer: Limited warfare called for the gradual application of economic and military assistance, diplomatic pressure, covert operations, and military force at the site of insurrections (Moss, 2010). During the Vietnam War, winning was waged based on lives lost on either side of the war. Based on this, the US was ahead in less lives lost. Truthfully, ending the war with a free and independent South Vietnam would have constituted a true win. According to Moss (2010), a major reason that the war was not won is due to the US reliance on conventional strategy against adversaries who employed unconventional war strategies that enabled them to fight a protracted war and avoid defeat at the hands of a much more powerful army (p. 164). Reference: Moss, G. (2010). Vietnam, an American ordeal. (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Prentice Hall

Can We Stop School Violence? Essay -- Mass School Shootings Essays

Violence in American schools is escalating faster than a speeding bullet. Society demands that schools be safe for our children, yet recent events indicate we need to escalate our efforts to prevent violence in schools at the same time address violence in the larger community. Crises involving sudden violence in schools are traumatic in large measure because they are unexpected. The shrapnel from bullets fired on school grounds have a way of touching the life's of many. In the wake of such a crisis, members of the school community are asked-and ask themselves-what could have been done to prevent it. Coordinated school efforts can help. But the solution does not just rest in the schools. Together we must develop solutions that are community-wide and coordinated, that include schools, families, courts, law enforcement, community agencies, representatives of the faith community, business, and the broader community. Wilmer Cody, Kentucky Commissioner of Education (Dwyer et. al.) To make our schools safer, everyone can and must pitch in-- teachers, parents, students, policy makers, law enforcement officers, business managers, faith leaders, civic leaders, youth workers, and other concerned community residents. Everyone who cares about children cares about ending violence. It is time to break the silence that too often characterizes even the most well-meaning school communities. Research and expert-based information is available for school communities to use in developing and strengthening programs that can prevent crises. School safety is everyone's job. Each of us can do something to help solve the problem. It's a problem we all must work together to solve. The Department of Education and the Department of Justice warns... ... Ph.D., Parachini A., Hernandez F., Ph.D., Cody M., Ph.D., Davis D. "From Words to Weapons, the Violence Surrounding our Schools." American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. 22 April 2001 <http://www.aclu-sc.org/school.html> Dwyer, K., Osher, D., and Warger, C. (1998). "Early warning, timely response: A guide to safe schools." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. 22 April 2001 <http://www.cecp.air.org/guide/guidetext.htm> Kaufman P., Chen X., Choy S.P., Chandler K.A., Chapman C.D., Rand M.R., and Ringel C. NCES 99-251/NCJ-1 72215 "1999 Annual Report on School Safety." Washington, DC: 1998 U.S. Departments of Education and Justice. 21 April 2001 <http://www.ed.gov/offices/oese/sdfs/news.html> National Crime Prevention Council. Washington, DC "Stopping School Violence."Â   20 April 2001 http://www.ncpc.org/2schvio.htm

Corporate Sponship in Event

Thanks to increases in leisure time and discretionary spending nowadays, community groups as well as individuals are becoming enthusiastic in events according to their interests. Events have occupy our newspapers and television screens as well as much of our free time and enrich our lives (Bowdin et al. , 2011). Moreover, events have a substantial contribution to the national economy. In UK, the event industry generates over ? 36 billion every year, which sustain at least 530,000 full-time jobs (Bladen et al. 2012). Under the trend, the business sector has take events and events’ sponsorship into consideration when making their marketing strategies. Globally, expenditure on event sponsorship has been escalating each year – from USD 44 billion in 2009 to an estimated USD 51. 1 billion in 2012 (IEG, 2013). The overall sponsorship spending in the UK each year is around ? 934 million, made up of sports (51%), arts and business (18%), broadcasting (20%) and others (10%) (Mer miri and South, 2009).Before analyzing the relationship between sponsorship and event, the two concepts should be clarified first. An event can be defined as â€Å"an organized occasion such as meeting, convention, exhibition, special event, gala dinner, etc. an event is often composed of several different related functions† (Getz, 2005, p. 16). According to International Events Group (IEG, 1995), sponsorship is â€Å"a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property in return for access to the exploitable commercial potential associated with the property†.In this essay, the scope of the event industry and main types of sponsorship will be introduced at first. Then, the importance of corporate sponsorship in the event industry will be examined by considering the benefits to both sponsors and events. Next, the essay will critically analyze the risks of corporate sponsorship and discuss other sources of event funding. Finally, the conclusion can be drawn as corporate sponsors hip plays a significant role in the event industry but potential risks such as ambush marketing should not be ignored.In addition, other sources of funding are essential to successes of events. The event industry has a large scope; here, only some key components will be presented. Event organisations, staging or hosting events, are core element of the event industry. Besides, professional groups or individuals who organize events on behalf of their clients are called event management companies are emerging with the event industry. There are also various suppliers covering staging, lighting , transport, accommodation and security of the event industry.External regulatory bodies and publications have tight relations with the event industry as well (Bowdin et al. , 2011). As for types of sponsorship, cash is the most common source provided by sponsors to support the event (Wagen & Carlos, 2006). Sponsors can also offer ‘value in kind’ by providing free goods and services t o events (Wagen, 2007). Other sponsorship may cover the media coverage, IT support, entertainment speaker sessions and etc.From the sponsor’s perspective, sponsors have objectives that fit into one or more of these areas: to increase product or brand awareness, to develop corporate image, to drive sales, or to develop market strategy (Yeoman et al. , 2004). To begin with, sponsors can gain benefits from marketing area through sponsoring the event industry. Sponsorship is acting as a more effective way of market promoting, sales driving and reaching the target market (Bowdin et al. , 2011).Among various traditional marketing promotion methods such as advertising or personal selling, sponsorship is argued to be one of the most effective means of communicate and form relationships with consumers and business partners (Grey and Skildum-Reid, 2003). Siegel (2001) investigated the sponsorship of tobacco industry and found that despite a federal ban on tobacco advertising on televis ion, tobacco companies achieve the equivalent of more than $150million in television advertising per year through their sponsorship of televised motor sports events.From 1997 through 1999, tobacco companies achieved 169 hours of television advertising exposure and $410. 5 million of advertising value for their products by sponsoring motor sports events. In addition, events provide sponsors with an environment where consumers are relax and better accept marketing message; therefore, sponsorship is key driver of product sales (Bowdin et al. , 2011). There are two main ways for companies with products achieve high sales goals including an exclusive in-game presence at sporting events or exclusive rights in their product ategory at a festival. For instance, Tiger Beer sponsors the Tartan Asian Extreme Festival and distributes samples of their beer to attendants as part of an integrated marketing campaign which also included the launch of The Tigers’ awards to celebrate Asian film s in the UK (Anon, 2005c). The Stongbow Rooms, an online game company, launched the Scottish Courage Strongbow Rooms concept resulted in an estimated increase in 12% monthly sales gain (Scottish Courage, 2005). The sponsorship of the event industry is an emerging new channel of sales driving for sponsors.Moreover, events also help sponsors get access to specific niche/target markets. For example, O2 sponsored music concerts to appeal to a youth market and establish itself as the biggest mobile network in the youth market (Carter, 2004). Saudia Private Aviation (SPA), an affiliate of Saudi Arabian Airlines, has renewed its sponsorship of the 6th edition of EXCS International Luxury Motor Show. The company believed that the event offer a platform for them to reach prominent people and the high-class segment of the community, who SPA targets through its marketing programs. (AMEinfo, 2012).Next, brand awareness and brand image of sponsors’ can also be created and developed throug h sponsorship, especially for companies expanding into new international markets (Noordin et al. , 2011; Bowdin et al. , 2011; Yeoman et al. , 2004; Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000; Cornwell et al. , 2001). Perceptions of a brand are increasingly linked to consumers’ experience with the brand. Thus, in brand strategy, delivering a comprehensive brand experience is becoming paramount, whereby ‘‘marketing and external communications help build the brand, but nothing is more powerful than the customer’s actual experience’’ (Berry, 2000, p. 36). The case of Vodafone entering New Zealand mobile telecommunications market is a suitable example to illustrate the effectiveness of brand awareness and image building in the new markets through sponsorship. The initial step of Vodafone setting into the New Zealand mobile telecommunications market was in 1998, and it had dominated 45% of the market until 2003. Sponsorship was an integral component of Vodafon e’s brand strategy. Vodafone sponsored Rugby, New Zealand’s national mass-audience sports, in order to quickly and effectively reated brand awareness among target groups when entering the new market. Then Vodafone use sponsorship as a platform to let customer experience products and develop emotional connections. Thus, it not only create broad awareness alone but also build brand personality among consumers and create links to popular youth culture, facilitating much closer bonds between customer and the brand (Cliffe & Motion, 2005). Besides obvious financial benefits, sponsorship allow sponsors to build up corporate images Bowdin et al. , 2011. Corporate image and brand image are two different concepts.Corporate image may or may not be related with its products or services and usually be associated with corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Godfrey, 2006). Usually, companies support charity events to create goodwill in the community. For example, NPower became headl ine sponsor for Macmillan Cancer Relief World's Biggest Coffee Morning improve to its brand perception (Anon, 2004). Wu (2002) added that companies such as petroleum, tobacco and weapon industries whose image need some polishing were likely to offer sponsorships to arts, culture and charity events to leave good impressions to the public.Furthermore, sponsorships are also used as incentives for a company’s workforce and create better employee relations IEG (2008). Companies often perceive event sponsorship as a way to offer their employees access to the events or corporate rewards to motivate them. For example, Royal Bank of Scotland’s and Edinburgh International Festival secured New Partnership funding from Arts ; Business which enabled the bank’s staff to take part in ‘Royal Bank Turn Up and Try It’ workshops.By involving staff in the arts sponsorship, the bank wanted to form more creative thinking, dealing effectively with customers or colleagues of their employees (Royal Bank of Scotland, 2003). The business involving staffs events aims to creating more intensive inter-staff relationships and loyalty to companies as well as staff moral and the like (Godfrey, 2006). From the event’s perspective, the financial investment, in-kind support and media exposure are three main benefits that event organizers seek from sponsors (Watt, 1998).Watt (1998) argued that events could not be successful happen without adequate financial support. Financial investment is the most obvious and direct income for events. The 2004 Edinburgh International Festival received around ? 1. 73 million from sponsors and donator, accounting for 27% of the total income (Bowdin, 2006). Except for cash, in-kind support is vital to event organizers as well. Crompton (1994) summarize four main types of in-kind services including product support, personnel support, communication resources and expertise and intangible benefit of â€Å"institutional cloutâ⠂¬  conferred on the event.According to the research done by Cultural Ministers Council (2002) on cultural sponsorship in Australia, in-kind support approximate 83% of organizations’ sponsorship commitment. Over 60% of respondents provide in-kind services covering legal and financial advisory services, IT support, auditing, marketing and management expertise and etc. (Richards ; Palmer, 2010). As for â€Å"institution clout†, if an event links to a sponsor with a strong, positive public image, then sponsorship may help legitimize the event and improve its public profile (Crompton, 1994).In addition, media exposure is also beneficial for events by not only promoting events to the public but also securing financial sponsorships easier (Crompton, 1994). In addition, media exposure is also beneficial for events by not only promoting events to the public but also securing financial sponsorships easier (Crompton, 1994). In 2000 Sydney Olympics, Nike, one of official sponsor s, launched its pre-Olympic advertising campaign, which not only promote its own brand but also the Sydney Olympic Games (Tripodi and Hirons, 2009).In spited of all the benefits brought to both sponsors and event organizers, there are still a number of potential risks associated with implementation of sponsorship, which should be paid enough attention to (Wagen, 2007). For the sponsors, first and the foremost is the â€Å"ambush marketing† issue. McKelvey (1994) describes it as â€Å"a company's intentional effort to weaken or ambush its competitor's official sponsorship and seek to confuse the buying public as to which company really holds official sponsorship rights. Ambush marketing reduces the effectiveness of the sponsors message as well as pose a threat to sponsorship agreements (Meenaghan, 1996). In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the torchbearer was Li Ning, a former gymnast and now the chairman of Li Ning company, which easily made the greatest 2 or 3 minutes of fre e advertising for Li Ning company. Although Adidas was the official footwear sponsor other than Li Ning, 67. 4% respondents incorrectly recognized Li Ning as the official footwear sponsor (Pitt et al. , 2010). Moreover, the ‘fit’ between a sponsor and an event is vital for the success of the sponsorship (Wagen & White, 2010).Not every company is the potential sponsor for every enent (Decker, 1991). Inappropriate sponsorships not only cannot achieve the desired outcomes of sponsors’ but also waste time and money or may even negatively influence their brand images. For example, Southland Corporation, the former owner of 4,000 7-Eleven convenience stores, sponsored cycling events. There was no obvious link between the stores and cycling so that the target audience did not get the marketing information of the company thus no significant increase in sales(Crompton, 1994).For the event organizers, it is well worth remembering sponsors are temporary and unstable for var ious reasons such as economic recession or government ban. For example, the government ban tobacco sponsorship in sport; thus, event organizers will lose all sponsorship from tobacco companies immediately (Bowdin et al. , 2011). In addition, sponsors are a stakeholder that event organizers have to make additional efforts to satisfy their requirements (Crompton, 1994). Sometimes, sponsors can be more trouble than they are worth.Significant time can be spent in servicing sponsorship and sometimes this time would be useful to the event if it were devoted to other forms of support (Watt, 1998). Finally, the image of sponsors’ may also leave bad impression on audience due to unpredicted failure, which may result in jeopardize the event itself (Crompton, 1994; Walker et al. , 2011). Therefore, other types of funding are essential to success of events. Ticket sales are one of the major revenue generating strategies for the event organizer to adopt in the modern events market (Raj et al. 2009). In the 2012 London Olympics, the ticket sales was reached 587,294 million (London 2012 Organising Committee, 2012). Moreover, government grants are keen to provide support to events not only for financial reasons but also expert advice and information (Raj et al. , 2009). Selling merchandises, broadcasting rights, perceiving donations and other types of funding can also act as financial support for the event industry. In conclusion, corporate sponsorship is important in the event industry for both event organizers and sponsors receive benefit from it.On the one hand, event organizers gain finical support, in-kind services and media coverage from sponsor, which can secure the income of events. In addition, intangible benefits such as positive influence from sponsors’ brand images are also pointed out. On the other hand, sponsors invest on events in exchange of more effective marketing strategy for financial purposes, brand building, better corporate image and facil itating employee relation. However, some pitfalls associated with sponsorship for both sponsors and event organizers are also critically discussed.The ambush market and â€Å"fit† theory between sponsors and events are two main issues that sponsors should take into consideration before investing on events. The unstable feature and sponsors’ influence on events’ performances are critical to event organizers when seeking for corporate sponsorships. Last but not the least, other sources of funding such as ticketing and government grants are vital financial support for events. It can be conclude that corporate sponsorship is important in the event industry, but the drawbacks should not be neglected and other types of funding are also necessary.